Wednesday, January 2, 2019

Dyes, Pigments and Inks


Dyes

coloring materials that are applied as a solution and cling to whatever they are applied to (e.g., textiles, hair, wood, food)—can be used for decorative, aesthetic, and artistic purposes. They can also be used as identifiers, like the purple dye that some countries use to mark voters' fingers during an election or the wool dyes that sheep herders use to mark the sheep in their flocks. Fluorescent brightening dyes improve the appearance of textiles and paper. Contrast agents and fluorescent dyes make selected cells and organs stand out for biological and medical imaging. Dye-based lasers are not only powerful, but they also emit laser light over a range of wavelengths, producing "tunable" laser beams for manufacturing, medical applications, astronomical research, and spectroscopy. Dye laser beams can even be used to vaporize tattoo inks.



Pigments are used for artists' paints, car finishes, and light-reflecting signs. They are insoluble materials that have to be mixed with binders or vehicles to attach them to a substrate. Pigments are often derived from minerals, but they can also be made synthetically. Pigments are used in paints, inks, plastics, fabrics, cosmetics, and food, to name a few examples. They are often better than dyes at keeping their color for many centuries and for withstanding high heat, intense light, and exposure to weather or chemical agents.  




 


Inks are liquids or pastes that contain dyes or pigments, and they are used for writing pens, printing, and tattoos. Anti-counterfeiting inks, including gel inks, some fountain pen inks, and inks used for paper currency, react with the cellulose in paper to produce a permanent color change.
Although they are not strictly inks, liquids used for inkjet technologies like microcircuitry fabrication and 3D printing benefit from much of the same research used to develop more conventional inks: consistency and flow properties, electrostatic properties, adhesion to a substrate, resistance to bleeding and spreading, solvent compatibility properties, and resolution and stability of the resulting patterns or 3D structures.


The field of 3D printing materials has largely been the domain of experimenters and do-it-yourselfers, but the demand for reliable commercial products is increasing. Companies now use this method for small- and medium-scale production of customized machine parts, gourmet food items, and even customized artificial body parts. However, major manufacturing companies are looking into 3D printing for large-scale production of machine parts, toys, and consumer electronics. Cutting-edge industries are currently using 3D printing for making prototype reactors and systems, including "printing" living cells onto a substrate for use in drug discovery research.
Chemists who work with dyes, pigments, and inks develop new formulations that use less expensive ingredients or hold their colors better. They may develop new formulations that avoid heavy metals and volatile organic compounds or that use sustainable resources like vegetable oils. They may also develop new products with better flow properties, greater stability, or better interactions with the materials with which they come into contact.
Museum workers analyze the pigments and dyes in historical artifacts and works of art to authenticate them and identify their age and place of origin. These workers look for materials that are compatible with older dyes and pigments to preserve and restore valuable objects. Forensic chemists analyze evidence, including car paint or cosmetics residues, for criminal or civil court cases.


 
Typical work duties include the following:
  • Synthesize and characterize new products, components, and formulations
  • Develop new applications for existing products
  • Develop and provide marketing support for commercial products
  • Provide customer support and troubleshooting assistance in the application of commercial products
  • Study and improve health, safety, and environmental properties
  • Analyze pigments and dyes from historical artifacts, works of art, or crime scene evidence
  • Teach courses and train students
  • Communicate with funding agencies, regulatory agencies, and the general public.
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